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Dwells on the Dreyfus Affair, which paved the way for French fascism and the Pétain regime. Argues that some of the Jews, fascinated with reactionary ideas and racism, like Disraeli, also bear responsibility for the rise of Nazism. Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism. Accuses Western Jewry of political blindness, and of the lack of unity the hatred of privileged Jews toward their unprivileged fellow-Jews was no less strong than the anti-Jewish sentiments of antisemites. toward the climax in the atrocities of the concentration camps. Devoid of the state's support and of their former influence, unnecessary as a social class, but retaining their wealth, the Jews were an ideal target of hatred. Forces that opposed this state saw the Jews as representing its epitome, thus Jewry, disintegrating and increasingly weak, became their target. Commentators found Arendt’s conclusions to be dismissive of those who had suffered at the hands of the Nazis, and had faced impossible choices. Modern antisemitism began with the rise of the bourgeoisie class, which brought about the decay of the nation state, and with the parallel decay of traditional Judaism. The Origins of Totalitarianism made Arendt an overnight success, but offended some communities by its implication that Jewish leaders had been partly complicit in the Holocaust through their complacency. The nation state of the 17th-18th centuries supported the presence of Jews as a group because it needed their specific economic and social functions.

The conspicuous rise of antisemitism in the late 19th century coincided with the decay of the nation state and with the rise of totalitarian society - in particular, with the development of racism and Nazism rather than nationalism. The Origins of Totalitarianism begins with the rise of anti-Semitism in central. 1-120), "Antisemitism", focuses on antisemitism in Western Europe in the late 19th-early 20th century, dismissing views that antisemitism was an outgrowth of nationalism. an essential component of any study of twentieth-century political history.